Geology Exam Questions

As seen by an observer on Earth, a star that is moving away from the Earth would have ______ light energy waves. A. expanded B. compressed *E. both A and D are correct 2. The theory that tries to explain the origin of the universe revolves around the idea that __________. *B. the original black hole exploded and scattered clouds of uncharged particles moving at high velocities 3. What was the first element formed during the creation of the universe? *B. hydrogen 4. Our solar system was created by: *A. the contraction of clouds of elements originally formed by the explosion of supernovas 5. Approximately how old is our universe? A. 13. 7 billion years old 6. Heat is being continuously released within the Earth through the process of: *C. elements releasing subatomic particles and losing mass 7. Which of the following minerals does not belong with the others? A. pyrite B. bornite C. sphalerite D. cinnabar *E. they all belong together 8. An earthquake is detected off the coast of Vancou ver Island.Which statement is most correct *B. S-waves are detected after P-waves 9. In an area of the crust with an average geothermal gradient (from course manual), what would the temperature be 22km below the surface, if the surface temperature is 25 °C? *D. 85 °C 10. The Hawaiian Island chain was formed by which one of the following processes? *C. movement of the Pacific plate over a stationary mantle plume causing the formation of a string of volcanoes 11. The Himalayas developed directly from the process of ________: *E. plate collision 12. Intermediate sized tectonic plates include which of the following? A. Nazca B. Eurasian C. Scotia D. Cocos D. all of the above *E. only A, C, and D 13. The floor of the Atlantic is widening: why then is there a ridge in the middle? *B. volcanism 14. How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of 50g of water by 10 °C? B. 500 calories 15. Match the following item with the closest related phrase. Continental Rift A. East P acific Rise B. subduction zone C. Canadian Shield *D. Mount Kilimanjaro E. Mount St. Helens 18. Earth’s crust is being destroyed at _______ and created at ________. *C. subduction zones, divergent boundaries 19. A felsic rock is formed at relatively ________ temperatures and is the first to ________ when temperature increases during burial.*A. low, melt 21. Native metals tend to have which of the following properties? A. high plasticity B. only one type of bonding C. good electrical conductivity D. all of the above 22. A mineral composed of weak bonds, tends to have the following characteristics: A. high solubility B. soft C. has mostly ionic bonds D. has mostly covalent bonds E. only A and C are correct *F. A, B and C are all correct 23. What is the most common group of minerals found in Earth’s crust? *B. silicate minerals 24. Which minerals have similar structure but different composition? *D. albite and anorthite 26. A(n) _______ magma is relatively high in _______ __. A. andesitic; Fe, Mg and Ca B. basaltic; K and Na *C. rhyolitic; K and Na D. granitic; Fe and Mg 27.When magma cools, which atoms tend to bond first? *D. silicon and oxygen 28. Which of the following statements is true? *D. the main reason for volatiles in magma to be released is a sudden decrease in confining pressure. 29. This question refers to radioactive decay. What is the parent/daughter ratio after two half-lives? *A. 1:3 30. Which of the following terms does not belong with the other? A. quartz *B. rhyolite C. olivine D. muscovite 31. An igneous rock that cools rapidly at the Earth’s surface has which of the following textures? C. aphanitic D. glassy *E. both C and D are possible 32.Igneous rocks are classified by their ______. A. colour B. texture C. composition *D. all of the above 33. When the Earth was relatively new, what gases were present in the atmosphere? *A. H20, CH4, SO2, NH3 B. H20, CH4, NH4, O2 C. SO3, CH4, O2, CO2 D. N2, O2, Ar, CO2 34. Where did wat er on Earth originate? A. volcanic out-gassing B. collison of comets with Earth C. collision of protoplanets with Earth *D. all of the above 35. Heat is currently lost from the Earth's surface at an average rate of 2. 4Ãâ€"10-6 cal/cm2/s2. If the Earth’s surface is 510,072,000km2, how much heat is lost in 1 year (3. 15x107s)? Don't forget to convert units) A. 3. 86 x 1010 cal/year *B. 3. 86 x 1020 cal/year C. 3. 86 cal/year D. 6. 76 x 1016 cal/year 37. Which rock frequently contains glass fragments and vesicles, indicating rapid cooling? *C. basalt 38. According to current theory, how did heavier elements form? *C. they formed due to the fusion of lighter atoms (such as hydrogen) under high temperature and pressures 39. Which of the following features was formed partially by erosion processes? *B. exfoliation dome 40. The addition of oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere is thought to have been produced by which of the following mechanisms? B. photosynthesis 41. A dark colou red mineral, which splits into sheets and has one plane of cleavage is: *D. biotite 42. What type of eruptions would you expect in volcanoes of the Andes mountain range? *B. occasional, violently explosive eruptions 43. Heat from the Earth’s core is transferred to the surface through solid rock via ______ and _______ when it is transported as magma/lava in volcanoes. Once it reaches the surface the heat is then lost to the atmosphere by ______. C. conduction, convection, radiation 44. Which geological feature supports the theory of plate tectonics? A. the mid-Atlantic ridgeB. subduction zones C. fossil records *D. all of the above 45. On the ocean floor, low-intensity stripes of magnetism that exhibit regularly reversing polarity: *D. weaken the existing magnetic field 46. Which of the following things best supports the theory that continents split apart? A. continental drift B. downwarping *C. continental rifting 47. Diamond shows an example of what type of bond formed betwe en Carbon atoms? *A. covalent bonds 2. When a rock breaks into many small pieces it ____________ A. increases the surface area available for chemical attack C. is called mechanical weathering D. both A & C are correct 3. Halite dissolves in water so readily because __________ *B. polar water molecules disrupt the attractive forces in the halite crystal and release the ions into solution 4. Index fossils are: *C. fossils of creatures that appeared and went extinct relatively quickly 5. You notice that there is a lot of rust on your car. Which of the following weathering processes was responsible for the destruction of your car? *C. oxidation 6. Why do large coral reefs not exist in the Arctic Ocean? NOTE: coral reefs are mainly composed of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate). *D. alcite is soluble in cold water and the coral skeletons dissolve before they can accumulate into large deposits 8. Which of the following processes is most responsible for the low nutrient content of tropical soil s? *C. leaching 9. Which rock will potentially undergo the greatest rate of chemical alteration? *A. whole rock 10. The location of the snowline is most affected by _______ and ________. *C. latitude, altitude 11. Gypsum is not found deep in the earth’s crust because: B. the temperature is too high C. water molecules are lost and anhydrite is formed *D. both statement B and C are correct 14.Which of the following soils would you most likely find in agricultural fields around Guelph? A. Podzolic 15. The internal movement of glacier ice depends on: A*B. the internal ice transfer between accumulation and ablation zones 16. Changes in global temperature can be attributed to: A. variations in incoming solar radiation B. shifts in Earth’s axis of rotation C. composition of the Earth’s atmosphere *D. all of the above are correct 17. Which of the following environments is most suitable for the formation of coal? *B. wetland 18. The highly productive soils in vast areas of China FIRST originated from _______ *A. indblown silt 19. What is the main way that silicate minerals are weathered? *B. hydrolysis 20. When a glacier glides along the ground surface the process is called: *D. basal slip 22. The movement of glacier ice is normally most rapid near the _________ *B. surface of the glacier 23. Which of the following landscape features of Canada is NOT attributed to the effect of Pleistocene glaciers? *A. the Canadian Shield 25. Cross-bedded sand deposits in a point bar of a meandering stream were created by which of the following flow regimes? *B. subcritical flow 26.A sedimentary deposit created by a gradual decrease in flow velocity (as in a waning flood), would have which of the following vertical stratigraphic profiles? *A. fining upwards 27. From Hjulstom’s diagram in Unit 8 of the course notes, the water velocity required to erode gravel is_______________ the velocity to move clay particles. *D. about equal to 28. Which rock would be le ast likely to contain fossils? *D. basalt 29. Which sediment grain size has the highest permeability (ability of the material to transmit fluids)? *B. gravel 31. The formation of crevasses in glaciers is because __________________. A. ce near the bottom of a glacier moves slower than surface ice, causing stress C. ice in the upper part of a glacier is brittle and does not exhibit plastic flow *D. A and C are both correct 32. Which of the following minerals has one perfect cleavage? *D. biotite 33. â€Å"Jurassic Park: The Lost World† was actually filmed in: *C. The Quaternary 34. Ventifacts form as a result of *C. aeolian transport in desert environments 35. What volcanic feature is (are) the most dangerous to live near *B. rhyolitic strato volcano 38. Which one of these items does not belong with the others? A. continental rise *B. alluvial fan C. turbidite fanD. continental shelf E. abyssal plain 39. Which of the following statements is (are) the most correct to describe th e conditions required for truly laminar flow in a river? *E. true laminar flow does not occur in natural rivers 40. Mineralogical maturity increases when ___________ *D. the quartz content of the rock is increasing 41. The photo shows a fossilized fish. What is the most likely form of preservation? (Image from: *B. carbonization 42. In general, as a river becomes narrower, and the depth remains the same, the current: *A. increases in velocity 43. Which of the following is the best example of a trace fossil? A. termite tunnel 44. Which of the following pairs is the best example of convergent evolution? *D. killer whale and shark 45. A volcanic rock consisting of abundant angular rock fragments has a _____________ texture. This is typical of __________ volcanism. *C. fragmental, explosive 46. During a field trip, you dig a small pit in a pine forest to study the soil profile of the study site. Below the dark surface layer, a thin, light coloured horizon is followed by a reddish colour ed horizon. Considering your knowledge of the Canadian system of soil classification, what soil type is it? *D. Podzolic 47.A pluton is an intrusive igneous rock body that crystallized from magma slowly cooling below the surface. Which of the following are examples of plutonic bodies? A. batholiths B. dikes C. sills D. laccoliths *E. all of the above 48. What is the main feature used to differentiate between modern corals and ancient corals? *C. the structure of their skeleton 49. The __________ silicates make up the majority of the Earth’s continental crust. *A. three-dimensional framework 50. The Sun produces energy by nuclear ________ reactions. *C. fusion 1. What environmental conditions are optimal for chemical weathering? D. warm, wet conditions 3. Which dating method is most often used to date geologically recent events? *A. carbon-14 4. Which of the following is not an important principle of stratigraphy? *D. crystal fractionation 5. A theory that tries to explain the origin of the universe assumes that all matter was once concentrated in an extremely small space called a black hole. Some properties of a black hole include which of the following? A. high densities B. large gravitational force C. neutral state *D. all of the above 6. The age of the Earth is approximately: *A. 4. 6 billion years 7.When the Earth's crust began to form, which of the following gases were added to the original atmosphere? A. water vapour B. methane *D. only A and B 8. The oldest known fossils found in Archean rocks were: *B. cyanobacteria 9. Which of the following are sources of heat for the Earth? A. primeval heat left from the formation of the planet B. collision of subatomic particles produced during radioactive decay C. solar heat *D. all of the above 10. The change in temperature with depth is called the geothermal gradient. Under normal circumstances the geothermal gradient is approximately: *B. 30 °/km 11.As seen by an observer on Earth, a star that is moving away from our planet would appear more _______ than the same type which is moving toward the Earth. *B. reddish 12. Which type of rock would be formed deep within the crust? B. igneous C. plutonic *D. both B and C 13. Where would you expect to find new igneous rocks being formed? A. Andes Mountains B. Mid-Atlantic Ridge *D. A and B are both correct 14. With reference to Bowen’s reaction series, which mineral is formed under very hot conditions and is rich in magnesium? *A. olivine Inert gases do not react with the surrounding environment. Why is this? *A. they have full outer orbitals 6. A good example of a mineral that contains Van der Waal’s bonds is: *C. graphite 17. The Andes mountains developed directly from the process of ________: *A. plate subduction 18. with reference to Bowen's reaction series, the ___________ form a continuous reaction series. *C. plagioclase-feldspar group 21. An igneous rock that cools very rapidly at the Earth’s surface has which of the following textures? *C. glassy 22. Which type of soil would you expect to find in a wetland? *C. gleysolic 23. The type of weathering process that effects plutonic rocks and is sometimes called unloading is called ____________ *B. exfoliation 4. Submarine eruptions at mid-ocean ridges produce fresh lava flows of _________ composition. *D. basaltic 25. Youngest rock A. *B. 26. Oldest rock *A. B. C. D. E 27. Continental collision zone A. B. C. *D. E 28. Abyssal plain A. B. *C. D. E 29. The boundary between the accumulation and ablation zone in a glacier is called: *A. firn line 30. Continental drift, volcanism and mountain building are primarily driven by: *A. mantle convection 31. P-waves: *A. vibrate parallel to the direction of travel, travel fast, travel through liquids. 32. Which of the following is most likely to be preserved as a carbonized impression? D. a leaf 33. Which of the following statements is true? *A. few organisms become preserved as fossils after death 34. T he lengthening or stretching of the crust can result in _______ faulting as shown in the diagram. *B. normal 35. The San Andreas Fault is what type of fault? *D. strike-slip 36. Soils are divided into â€Å"horizons† which are labelled in order from the top down as: *C. A, B and C 37. A rock under stress can behave in which of the following ways? *D. all of the above 38. What is (are) the major factor(s) involved in metamorphism? A. pressure B. temperature *E. A and B only 9. When liquid magma rises through solid rock, the solid rock can undergo ____________ metamorphism? *A. contact 40. Regional metamorphism can produce new platy or elongated minerals that are aligned: *C. perpendicular to the principal stress applied 41. The â€Å"Big Bang† is thought to have occurred: *A. 13. 7 billion years ago 42. In the cores of stars _________ reactions occur to produce new heavier elements: *A. atomic fusion 43. Chemical weathering mainly results when minerals react with: *E. w ater, oxygen and carbon dioxide 44. The explosion of a star is known as a: *B. supernova 45.Which of the following is considered a fossil fuel? *B. coal 46. The relative Geologic Time Scale is based on: *B. fossil assemblages 47. The Rock Cycle is: *B. a model for the changes undergone by Earth materials over time 48. Grooves, crescent-shaped gouges, chatter marks and striations are examples of: *A. small scale glacial erosion features 49. The maximum extent of a continental glacier is typically marked by a(n) __________. *B. terminal moraine 50. Which of the following is a sediment produced directly from glacier ice? *C. till 51. Place the following sedimentary structures in order of increasing stream velocity. C. ripples, dunes, plane beds 52. Braided streams result when rivers have: A. large fluctuations in discharge B. abundant sediments *E. A and B are both correct 53. When atoms with 4-6 electrons in their outer orbitals join, they form a covalent bond which can be described a s: A. sharing of electrons B. difficult to form C. very strong after formation *D. all of the above are true 54. __________ forms from the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone. *C. marble 55. __________ is characterized by the segregation of light- and dark-coloured minerals into thin layers or bands. *B. gneiss 56.In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely? *C. at great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding 57. The ion at the centre of a silicon tetrahedron is surrounded by ____________. *A. 4 oxygen ions 58. The simplest element and the one which was formed first after the big bang is: *E. hydrogen 59. In feldspars, what element substitutes for silicon at the centre of the tetrahedron? *B. aluminum 60. What are vesicles? *D. open spaces formed in the rock as lava solidifies around gas bubbles 61. Which of the following is an example of a trace fossil? *D. a worm burrow 62.Which of the following is the dominant volcanic rock in Hawaii and Iceland ? *D. basalt 63. When the ratio of radioactive parent to stable daughter product reaches 1:3, ________ half-lives have passed. *D. two 64. The formation of the Hawaiian Islands is associated with: *D. no plate boundary of any kind 65. Why is the humus (organic) layer typically thicker in a cool, temperate, forest soil than in a tropical rainforest soil? *B. less humus is produced in the cool, temperate forest but the rate of decay is slower than in a tropical rainforest 66. The world oceans are too large to have the sea level changed by glaciers! *B. alse 67. Which of the following is a colonial organism; that is, many individuals share the same skeleton? *D. coral 68. Which of the following affects the settling velocity of sand grains? *D. all of the above 69. Sediments transported by water or wind can be sorted according their size and density. A byproduct of such sorting is a typical feature ALL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS have. What is such *D. layers 70. When the limbs of a fold are bowe d upward in the form of a â€Å"V†, the structure is called a(n) *D. syncline 71. If the steep side of a roche moutonnee is on the northeast, it indicates that the glacier came from what direction? B. southwest 72. Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock? *D. frost wedging 73. Of the following, which geologic time is the oldest? *B. Precambrian 74. The Red Sea is forming along a: *B. divergent boundary 75. The destruction of the Minoan civilization can be tied at least indirectly to: *A. a violent volcanic eruption 76. A __________ shaped cross-valley profile is typical of valleys eroded and deepened by alpine or valley glaciers. *A. U 77.A(n) __________ represents a former meltwater tunnel in glacial ice that was filled with fluvial sand and gravel. *A. esker 78. The theory of relativity states that: *C. time is not a constant–it varies depending on the speed of the observer 79. Many scientists believe that the Earth is heating up due to the â€Å"greenhouse effect†. Which of the following gasses is the largest contributor to this effect? *C. carbon dioxide 80. The term â€Å"metamorphic facies† refers to: *A. a particular assemblage of minerals that form under specific conditions of temperature and pressure 81. The definition of a calorie is: *A. he change in heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C at sea level 82. The Atlantic Ocean is: *B. 200 million years old and growing. 83. Coarsening upward in grain size is typical of deposits from which type of depositional system? *B. deltas 84. Convergent evolution occurs when? *B. species with different origins begin to evolve similar characteristics because they share the same environment 85. Which of the following is a requirement of index fossils? *A. they lived during a specific time period only 86. In a cross section of a stream channel, wh y is the flow velocity slowest near the bottom? B. because of friction between the water and the streambed 87. The central part of an atom is called the: *D. nucleus 88. The term â€Å"dip† refers to: *D. the angle between a sloping bed of rock and the horizontal 89. Studies of the Atlantic ocean-floor rocks show that: A. the magnetic field of the Earth reverses periodically C. new rock is being formed at the Mid-Atlantic ridge, causing the ocean to become wider *E. A and C are both correct 90. The term orogeny refers to: *A. the formation of mountains 91. Channel migration of a stream at a meandering bend occurs in which direction? B. toward the outside of the bend 92. In a river, gravel would most frequently be transported: *A. as bed load 93. The great majority of carbonates (limestones) are formed by: *A. skeletons of invertebrate organisms and algae 94. Shale is a sedimentary rock formed predominantly from: D. clay 95. Which of the following was an early ancestor of mode rn humans? * D. Australopithecus 96. When fossils are preserved as casts, the following happens: A. the original shell is buried intact B. after cementation of the surrounding sediment the shell dissolved leaving a shell shaped cavityC. minerals carried in by percolating groundwater fill the cavity *E. A, B and C are all correct 97. Which of the following trace elements released from minerals by weathering are essential for human health? *B. zinc 98. When an atom loses or gains electrons, it is called a(n): *E. ion 99. Which of the following does not fit the definition of a mineral? *C. granite What colour of light has the longest wavelength: Red What element wouldn't   likely have been lost to outer space when the Earth was in a molten state during the formation of our solar system?Lead Approximately how old is earth: 4500 million years or 4. 5 Billion Which gases composed the primordial atmosphere of earth: Methane, carbon dioxide, sulphur, ammonia How long did it take for earth ’s first crust to develop: 500 million years Main reason that volcanoes developed on primordial earth-uneven internal heat distribution Organic soup which produced the first organic compounds: ammonia and methane In what rocks can you find the oldest known fossils: Archean Rocks of western Australia Coordination number of an octahedral: 6When seismic energy waves reaches a boundary between two materials: Part of the energy is reflected back towards the surface P-waves: vibrate parallel to the direction of transmission Composition of Achondrite meteorites most closely resemble: composition of earths crust Why do geologists think that the inner core of earth is solid: P-Waves speed up there Geothermal gradient in earths crust: 40 c/km Granite differ from rhyolite: Granite is plutonic, rhyolite is extrusive Discontinuity between the base of the crust and the top mantel: Moho discontinuity What rate does mid-atlantic ridge spread: 5 cm/yearWhere does lithosphere material get dest royed: subduction zones Rocks that buried under high pressure formed: Metamorphic rocks Minerals all form in the same temperature range: Quartz, muscovite, K-Fedlspar Ionic bonds are: weak, fond in relatively soluble minerals, formed between opostely charged ions Pumice floats on water because: contains pockets of gas, low overall density Minerals with same chemical composition but different structures are called polymorphs (graphite and diamonds) Hardest minerals: Quartz Magma consists of: Dissolved gas, solid minerals, liquidAndes Moutains have formed at: convergent plate boundary What causes a volcano to erupt: regressive boiling of magma, ionized water changing state from liquid to gas, failureof the volcanic plug Lava that erupts underwater forms deposits of: pillow lava intrusive bodies of rock include: Batholiths, Laccoliths, Dikes Correct order of periods within Paleozoic: Cambrian, Ordo, Sil, Devoni, Carb, Perm Large blobs of lava that are flung from volcanic cone: volcanic bombs Which location is earths crust thinnest: In Atlantic OceanOxidation involves: Loss of electrons Soil is best defined as: accumulation of weathered material Most intensly leached soil horizon: A Horizon Apatite and sylvite are examples of: Minerals used in the production of fertilizers Paris moraine- poorly sorted mixture of different sediments Epoch during most recent glaciation occurred: Pleistocene In accumulation zone of a glacier: more snow and ice being deposited than lost from melting Glacier firn: snow remaining from last season Polar galaciers move mainly by: Ice deformationCause of catastrophic meteorite impact causing mass extinction 65. 5 million years ago: thin iridum-rich bed found worldwide Graded bedding on deep-ocean floor: Turbidity currents River pattern commonly developed in glacial outwash plain: Braided Glaciers covered Australia in: Neoproterozoic and Carboniferous-Permian Little ice age occurred: 600 to 100 years ago Isostatic rebound: rising of earths crust after deglaction Sedimentary environments two classifications: Carbonate or clastic Clastic sediment . 062 to . 004- Silt, loess plainTwo common carbonate sedimentary rocks: Limestone and Dolostone Idealized stream fastest water flow: Near the water surface, near center of the chanel Laminar flow: Low flow velocity/ Rarely found in nature Settling of particle with a . 01 diameter- Stockes law What environment are mud slides most common: Alluvial fans Forest beds are found in which environment: Delta Front Barrier islands: large lakes, shallow continental shelves Carbonate precipitation may form: Ooids Lingula is a good example of: A paleo indicator Conifers belong to which class: Plantae, Pinophyta, Pinospida Noahs Flood: DeluvialistWhy did an â€Å"organic soup† develop on the primordial Earth, and not much today? (image from VITAL): There was no free oxygen to oxidize it ;amp; There was no predators back than. The energy responsible for the original heating and meltin g of the Earth came primarily from: Radioactive decay Organic compounds can be synthesized: In a laboratory ;amp; by lightning Were inert gasses such as Argon or Neon, scattered into the universe by supernovas? Yes Approximate age of earth accepted by scientists is: 4. 6 billion years Original atmosphere of earth was primarily composed of: Methane and carbon dioxide Not all stars are equally hot, why?Atomic fusion reaction Doppler effect makes far away stars appear to be: Redder An enormous amount of energy is needed to start fusion reaction, What type of energy led to fusion reaction in stars: Kinetic The elements of the present universe were scattered into space about: 8-9 billion years ago If earth’s intial atmosphere contained free oxygen: Organic molecules would be have been destroyed as soon as they formed Is the elemental composition of modern earth the same as that of earliest primordial earth: No What is the bang bang: Origin of the universeWhen radioactive elements decay to release subatomic particles it creates: Daughter elements The early composition of the Earth;s atmosphere was: Lacking Oxygen Evidence for an original big bang: Yes, distant galaxies move away from us faster than closer ones If the half-life of Carbon-14 is 5570 years, how much of the parent elemtn will remain after 16,710 years: 1/8 Earth is one of the largest ones in our soar system: FalseModel for the origin of life requires: An oxygen free atmosphere Black holes are characterized by: Matter contracted into very small spaces, Extremely high density, all particles are neutral. The sun’s energy is produced by: Fusion Helium is formed from: Fusion of HydrogensWhy do larger solar planets have an ammonia-rich atmosphere while Earth has an oxygen-rich atmosphere: The larger gravity of larger planets traps ammonia Volcanoes could not form before the development of a solid crust on Earth: True Why did an â€Å"organic soup† develop on the primordial Earth and not m uch today: There was no free oxygen ;amp; there was no predators back then The heavy elements that we know of were formed in the original stars: Yes Why did elements separate in the original earth: They were separated in relation to their mass During the early stages of the Earth, hich elements may have been lost to outer space: Light ones The permissible ring of life is a theoretical zone around a distant start that may contain planets: False 1) S-waves vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the propagation: True 2) Everyday substance that behaves a bit like the mantle when stressed: Plasticin 3) Some meteorities have more or less the same composition as the Earth’s crust: True 4) Our bodies can be considered as analogs for Earth. Accordingly we can recognize: Heat as energy, mineral accumulation, chemical reaction. ) The boundary between the crust and the mantle shows up well in seismic studies because difference in: Density 6) The properties of rocks change from the sur face towards the center of earth. Which one do you think changes more regularly than others: Pressure 7) Refraction and reflection dissipate seismic energy inside the earth: True 8) Iceland is close to Greenland but geologically the two have little in common: True 9) Which of the following are types of convection cells in or on earth: Ocean currents ;amp; Boiling motions in a pot of soup. 0) The sun’s radian energy drives the movement of our atmosphere: True 11) Earth is the centre of the universe: Who Knows 12) Earth should be cooling off as primeval heat is lost to outer space: False 13) Lord Klevin calculated mathematically that Earth is cooling off.His mathematics were correct: True 14) Although interior parts of earth are shown as pretty coloured bands, heat distribution is much uniform: Incorrect 15) Earth is comprised of the same materials and in more or less the same proportion as the sun: Yes 16) Radiant energy received from the sun is the most important type in expl aining continental drift: False 17) The fact that S-waves are lost within the Earth is good evidence for a liquid outer core: True 18) Method used by geologists in injecting the mantle for seismic studies is: Bottom 19) Earth is a planet in the process of becoming a star: Recent studies have indicated that it is heating up at the rate of a few degrees per century: False 20) To date we have not been able to drill to the core, however we can see it in volcanic material: False 21) Lord Kelvin has proved that earth is dying planet. It is cooling off relatively rapidly: False 22) Canada is one of the coutries where solar winds can be seen: True 23) By examining the geothermal gradient in deep wells, we can predict temperature at center of earth: False 24) Various compositions of meteorites reflect: Mantle of earth, whole earth, earths cruts.Oceanic crust of earth has a minimum thickness of about: 5 KM The North American plate is moving away from the European one at a measurable but small distance per century: True Mountains are shaped by both convection cells in the diagram: True The floor of the Atlantic is widening: why is there a ridge in the middle: Volcanoes Iron-rich minerals in basaltic lava can give information on the Earth’s magnectic field at the time Volcanic eruption: True Fundamental differences between the floors of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: Different ages, different amounts of sediments, Different manganese mineralization Material from the mantle reaches the surface of the Earth along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: True Radiant energy received from the sun is the most important type in explaining continental drift: True The repetition of two colurs indicate different lava flows indicats: alternating lava flows with different paleomagnestism When seen in cross-section, continents look like thin rafts on the surface of the mantle: Because continents are composed of lighter materials Long before their geologic importance was discovered, paired ba nds of equal magnestism were recognized south of Iceland: The navy during WWII The continents started migrating apart approximately 180 million years ago: True In what ways is Atlantic Ocean spreading analogous to Antartic ice pack behaviour: New ice is forming in cracks joins blocks of older ice ;amp; There are convention currents in the water below There are a lot of thick sediments around the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: False The suns radiant energy drives the movements of our atmosphere: True P-Waves generated at one locality can be detected around the globe if the source is sufficient: False The positive magnetic pole is in Canada and always has been: False Fossil Fuels are usually found in rocks typical of ocean crust: False The magnetic north pole lies in northern Canada: TrueThe magnetic stripes south of Iceland were correctly interpreted as indicating the spreading of the ocean floor: True If new mantle material is added to the crust in marine trenches, it must be consumed along th e mid-Atlantic Ridge: False Which of the following minerals from Bowen’s reaction series forms the highest temperature? Ca-plagioclase What is the crystalline structure of quartz: None of the above Some mineral crystals have an internal structure similar to glass: False Which one is the name of a major element found in quartz: Silicon What is the crystalline structure of feldspar: None of the above Atoms with the maximum number of electrons in their outer orbital: Inert (non-reactive) What is the crystalline structure of biotite: SheetSilicon is the most abundant elemen of the earth’s crust: False Halite and calcite are both: Relatively soft and soluble The resistance of a mineral to scratching is called: hardness In a cooling magma, at what approximate temperature can silicon tetrahedral get close enough to share all their oxygens to form a framework silicate mineral: 800 degrees. An electrically charged atom is called: An Ion Isotopes are good to eat: False What is t he crystalline structure of the pyroxene group of minerals: single chain Musovite has perfect cleavage in one direction: True Mass and weight are synonymous: False What is the crystalline structure of amphibole: Double Chain Calcite has a hardness of 3 on Moh’s scale: TrueWhich of the following is the most common mineral in the earths crust: Feldspar First orbital (energy level) in an atom can have a maximum of: Two electrons The most common building block of silicate minerals: Has 4 Oxygen atoms and 1 Silicon Atom In a metallic bond: All electrons are shared Which of the following elements commonly substitutes for Silicon in the tetrahedral of silicate minerals: Aluminum The second orbit (energy level) in an atom can have a maximum of: Eight electrons Cleavage occurs when a mineral breaks in random directions: False Which type of bonding in minerals is the weakest: Van Der Waals Which has the densest mineral: Gold If an atom loses an eletron it becomes: Positively chargedThe location of volcanoes on earth is: near plate margins Volcanic eruptions occur primarily because of the voltatile content (gaseous components) of the magma: True Which of the following statements is true: It is possible to derive granite from a basaltic magma. Ashfalls may be useful in establishing: Type of volcanism and paleowind direction. Columnar joints occur primarily: Basaltic lava flows Which of the following statements are not correct: Volcanoes are rarely more than 1000 metres high Most rocks found on the flanks of volcanoes have very small crystals: True In Hawaii the ropy lava is called: Pahoehoe Pumice is solidified crystalline forth: TrueSilica rich lavas are viscous and lead to explosive erutpions: True Pyroxene is the first mineral to cryztallize out of a very hot basaltic magma: False Pumice is very light and may even float because it contains pulverized wood of the volcano: False Which statement is correct: The Hawaiian Islands are large shield volcanoes Which rock does not belong with the others: Rhyolite Shield volcanoes are not normally explosive: True Magma may rise to the surface of earth partly because it is lighter than the surrounding rocks: True The crystal size ofigneous rocks is affected primarily by: Rate of cooling Calderas may be formed by collapse of the crater at the summit of a volcano: true Which one is not a volcanic rock: GabbroOne parent magma can produce several different types of igneous rocks: True Discontinous crystallization sequence from Bowen’s reaction series is indicated by: Olivine-pyroxene A Rock does not need to contain any minerals: True Which of the following is a pyroclastic rock: Tuff Humans have never observed the birth of a completely new volcano: False Obsidian is a typical natural gas: True Sills are: Always younger than the surrounding rocks An igneous rock formed primarily of olivine and Ca-Rich Plagiosclase is called: Basalt Granite does Not contain: Ca-rich plagioclase Granite is made up of the following group of minerals: Quartz, amphiboles, K-Feldspar If cooling is faster, the size of crystals in igneous rocks: Decreases The rocks of the ocean floor are mostly made of: BasaltWhich of the following rocks commonly forms batholiths: Granite Bowmen’s reaction series explains igneous textures: False Most recent basaltic lava is found: In the Atlantic Which one of the following instrustions has the largest volume of rocks: Batholith As a basaltic magma cools and crystals form, the remaining liquid becomes: silicon Magma may contain some solid crystals: True The small holes in many volcanic rocks are due to: trapped air bubbles A stratovolcano: Can produce nuee ardente Which of the following statements is true: Water vapour is a volcanic gas released during eruptions. To form magma, which of the following sources is NOT needed: Solar energy Shield volcanoes: None of the aboveThere is a large volcanic mountain range beneath the Atlantic Ocean: Yes Obsidian can provide beautiful gems: False Carbon dioxide is an important volcanic gas: True Igneous rocks form at about: 1,000 degree C Which mineral is least likely to be associated with an explosive volcano: Olivine Submarine (underwater) laval may develop: Pillows Penetration by plant roots is the most important soil forming factor in tropical forest: False Soil is a necessity for life on earth: True what type of tombstone would weather most quickly: Marble The greater stability of minerals that are formed at the Earth’s surface is due to: Increase covalent bonds Soil profile development is affected by many processes.Which one doesn’t belong: Meditation Minerals that form at lower temperature from a cooling magma are generally more stable in the weathering environment: True Among other things the diagram shows a diamond being cut. Is this real weathering? Yes Snow can physically weather igneous rocks most effectively under which condition: snow cant do this Soil develops pedogenic lay ers (horizons) due to: Leaching and translocation of material Soil profiles do not develop in artic regions: False In what environment does chemical weathering predominate over mechanical weathering: None of the above Wind is the only erosional medium in a desert environment: False What is the main cause of the characteristics fractures of exfoliation dome: Pressure release Amphiboles are so unstable at the earth’s surface that they can never be found in sedimentary rocks.False Why is quartz more resistant to wreathing than pyroxene: It has more covalent bonds A soil profile develops from the bottom upward: False Which rock would weather most quickly in a hot, humid environment: Basalt In desert soils, net movement of material is downward. False Examples of weathering exsist in Ontario: True Which of the following is not produced by the weathering of K-Feldspar: Olivine What is the process involved when minerals lose water molecules from their crystalline structure: Dehydrati on Granite undergoes frost shattering much more easily than dolostone: False Plant roots do not penetrate deeply in the tropics: True Weathering usually takes place in a closed system: FalseChemical weathering invariably leads to angular fragments: False Continental sedimentary rocks (those not formed in the sea) are formed from minerals mostly derived from: The physical breakdown of igneous and metamorphic rocks Can Ice wedging, frost shattering, sandblasting co-exist: Yes Together which particle would have the highest settling velocity: More spherical intermediate particles Carbonates (limestone) dissolve preferentially in: Freezing cold water Saltation: Type of movement of sand grains Delta sequence as seen in a core, would show, from the bottom up: clay-silt-sand Plane beds form in fast moving water when either sand or gravel is present: True Diagnesis starts after the sediments: have been deposited To generate clastic sediments: weathering, transport and deposition must occur C arbonates are most likely to occur: In shallow tropical seas The reat majority of limestones are formed: skeletons of invertebratae organism and algae The maximum stream velocity in a river can be measured: near surface and in the middle Which of the following is a thick deposit of composed mainly of invertebrate skeletons: Reef In colonial corals the individual are called: Polyps Carbonization is fossilization where little or no detail can be seen: True Least likely to contain fossil molds of brachiopods: Conglomerate Organisms that live on the bottom of the sea are called: Benthon What properties of an organism make it a good paleoenvironmental indicator: sharks and turtles Brachiopod: has two shells of unequal size In which rocktype are fossil casts least likely to form: Granite Fossilization occurs at high alititudes: False Which of the following minerals does not form a cast: Pyroxene Human species have been around for : 1/1,000Dolphins and fish have similar external forms: con vergent evolution Fossil species are defined mainly on the basis of: their physical appearance Which of the following has the best change of being fossilized: An oyster Which organism has least likely to fossilize as a cast: Worm The majority of coral reefs are built in warm seas because: Their skeletons persist longer in warm waters Fossils which denote specific short periods of time are called: Index fossils Paleozoic corals lived mainly in: warm, shallow seas Evidence of organic activity is preserved in rocks as: Coprolites, trace fossils and bioturbation Trace fossils include: Tracks, feces, and burrowsWhich is the most important factor affecting preservation potential: Rate of burial If a mold is filled with mineral material result is: Cast What is the most common means of fossilizing plants: Carbonization What is the most common material forming petrified woods: Silica Trilobites first evolved in: Cambrian Pelecypods are generally characterised by: Two shells equal size, bilat eral symmetry, powerful muscles What are the subdiviso ns of the geological time scale from longest to shortest:: Era, Period, epoch sedimentary rocks are never older than igneous rocks: False A daughter element of uranium is: Lead If a bed conformably overlies another it means:no time interval is missing between them What is the approxcimate age of the oldest known rock on earth: 3. billion What is the gap in the stratigraphic record called: Unconformity Why did lord kelvin underestimate the age of the earth: radioactivity had not yet been discovered Living things contain: A constant % of carbon 14 in their tissue Which statement best describes the principle of uniformitariainsims: the present is the key to the past Radiometric dates of sedimentary particles may not represent the true age of the deposit: They are reworked from older rocks Principle of fossil zonation indicates that certain fossils occur: Only certain geological periods What is the most common way of determining abs olute age of a rock: Radioactivity What is a paleosoil-An ancient soil Sedimentary rocks are most accurately dated using: Fossils In shallow water sediments: there are many time gaps If strata are vertical: tilting has occurredFour primary geological ears are: Precambrian, paleozoic, mesozoi and Cenzsoic Relative age is determined mainly using fossils what is needed before doing this: evolutionary sequence Where is carbon 14 primarily produced: Earths atmosphere The evolutionary sequence of an organism is normally found by applying: principle of superposition The limbs of a syncline: Dip towards the center of the fold Forces that cause folding can also force: thrust faults Folding of rocks can occur: at great depths only Alps formed mainly as a result of : continental collision An inactive continental margin is found in: Nova Scotia The beds at the core of an aniticline are: Oldest and bowed downward Denudation means: eroding and exposing deep-seated rocksOlder rocks are generally e xposed at the centre of the eroded: anticline The miogeosyncline of a mountain chain is: Thrust faults Strike-slip faults move mainly-Horizontal The deepest earthquakes occur at a depth of about: 700 km Orogenesis: The formation of mountains A joint is: a fracture plane where motion has not occurred Mid-oceanic ridges are locations of: Formation of new crust Where is the earths crust thickest: Beneath mountainous regions The apls are higher than the Appalachians because: they are younger Dip and strike are: ways to measure deformed bed The average thickness of the oceanic crust is about: 8km The crustal plates movement is measured in: cm/year Inactive continental margins have considerable: sedimentation

K-12 term paper Essay

INTRODUCTION Because of the Philippine education system continuous aims for higher education, the pronouncement of the K-12 program for more excellent undergraduates in the elementary and secondary level has been proposed. According to them, this is for the benefit of not only the Filipino youth but all the Filipinos in the Philippines. K12 educational systems are additional years to secondary level. This means that the present four years in high school will be called Junior High School and additional two years as senior High Schools. The model, which is being proposed , is K-6-4-2 where K means Kindergarten (5 years old), 6 means six years in elementary (6 to 11 years old), 4 means four years in Junior High School (12 to 15 years old) and 2 means two years in Senior High School (16 to 17 years old). (DepEd. n.d) The K-12 model is an educational system for basic and secondary education patterned after the United States,Canada, and some parts of Australia. The current basic education system is also an archetype of American schooling but with a 10-year cycle. DepEd’s stands for the adaptation of the K-12 program is due to the low achievement scores and poor quality of basic education to the present school setup. The administration asserts that with the implementation of such program, the problem of unemployment in the country will be resolved. In as much as employment in the Philippines is concerned, the K12 education also responds to the fact that most countries in the world already have the same plan in the ir educational institutions. see more:disadvantages of k to 12 With this, the standards of these countries go a notch higher than what the country has, thus, creating an expansion in the global competency. (DepEd, 2010) â€Å"We need to add two years to our basic education. Those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding.† (Aquino III, 2011)† It is said that the enhanced K12 program is the most drastic and controversial program of the Aquino administration. K-12 has been met with criticism from youth and student groups, teachers, parents and the academic  community. The DepEd, for its part, appears determined to enact the program with its proposed budget catering mostly to preparing the grounds for its eventual implementation. Thus, This term paper will discuss the advantages and advantages of k+12 program for a more better understanding of the Filipinos. Chapter 2 BODY â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.†(Mandela,2010). This quote states that education develops our world to more powerful. This is one of a reason why others want the K+12 program on the Philippines. Some are not in favor of this because they say that it is not the longer education is the solution and it is the improving of quality of education. Some say that K+12 in the Philippines is not necessary while I as a student agree for this program. Since its implementation, which started with the Pre-School program just this school year 2011-2012, many still doubt its benefit for the Filipino youth and the Filipino people as a whole. It is apparent that the Department of Education is not yet ready for the full implementation of the K-12 Program in the coming school year 2016-2017.An estimated P45 billion is needed to finance the additional Grade 11 of the students which includes the additional teachers, classrooms and textbooks.Many are suspicious of the value of the said program with all the inadequacies that surround its subsidy and many are not in favor of its implementation. So let us cite the advantages and disadvantages of the K-12 program or the additional 2 years to Basic Education. ADVANTAGES To Individuals and Families 1. Students will be able to get sufficient instructional time to do subject- related tasks which makes them more prepared and well- trained on that subject area. On the other hand, if we remain on the old system, Filipino students would continually get low achievement scores. For instance, international test results revealed that we often come at the tail end in  the exams compared to other countries. 2. The graduates of this program will be more prepared to enter the labor force. As we all noticed, high school graduates of the current curriculum are not yet employable for the reason that they are not yet competent and well – equipped with the skills needed in the workplaces. In addition, most high school graduates are not yet reaching the legal age of 18. With the new curriculum, senior high school students can choose a field that they are good at and that they are interested in. As a result, they will be equipped with the skills needed for a specific job even without a college degree. At the age of 18, the age when they graduate from high school, they will be employable and competitive already. Thus, adding up to the nation’s manpower. 3. Graduates will be prepared for higher education. Due to an enhanced curriculum that will provide relevant content and attuned with the changing needs of the times, basic education will ensure sufficient mastery of core subjects to its graduates such that graduates may opt to pursue higher education if they choose to. 4. Graduates will be able to earn higher wages and/or better prepared to start their own business. There is a strong correlation between educational attainment and wage structure and studies specific to the Philippine setting show that an additional year of schooling increases earnings by 7.5%. This should also allow greater access to higher education for self-supporting students 5. Filipino graduates will be automatically recognized as professionals abroad because we are following the international education standard as practiced by all nations. There will be no need to study again and spend more money in order to qualify to their standards. With this, Filipino professionals who aspire to work abroad will not find a hard time in getting jobs in line with their chosen field and will be able to help their families more in the Philippines as well as the country’s economy with their remittances, property buying, and creation of businesses. For the Society and Economy 6. The economy will experience accelerated growth in the long run. The objective of the K+12 programs is to improve quality of basic education. Several studies have shown that the improvements in the quality of education will increase GDP growth by as much as 2%. Studies in the UK, India and US show that additional years of schooling also have positive overall impact on  society 7. The Philippine education system will be at par with international standards. K+12 will facilitate mutual recognition of Filipino graduates and professionals following the Washington Accord and the Bologna Accord. 8. A better educated society provides a sound foundation for long-term socioeconomic development. The Enhanced K+12 Basic Education system will contribute to the development of emotionally and intellectually mature individuals capable of pursuing productive employment or entrepreneurship or higher education disciplines. (Cruz,2010) DISADVANTAGES 1. Parents have to shell out more money (for transportation and food) for education of their children 2. The government does not have the money to pay for two more years of free education, since it does not even have the money to fully support today’s ten years. DepEd must first solve the lack of classroom, furniture and equipment, qualified teachers, and error- free textbooks 3. Filipinos right now are accepted in prestigious graduate schools in the world, even with only ten years of basic education 4. As far as the curriculum is concerned, DepEd should fix the current subjects instead of adding new ones. The problem is the content, not the length, of basic education. As an editorial put it, we need to have better education, not more education 5. A high School diploma will not get anybody anywhere, because business firms will not hire fresh high school graduates 6. Every family dreams of having a child graduate from college 7. While students are stuck in Grade 11 and 12, colleges and universities will have no freshmen for two years. This will spell financial disaster for many private Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) 8. The drop-out rate will increase because of the two extra years. (Cruz, 2010) The additional two years in basic education may not be the only solution to the quality of the educational system. Quality may also depend on the curriculum, the quality of educators and the facilities provided for by the school campuses. With the continuing increase in school tuition, the upgrade on quality education should have already been included. The additional two years will only be to the advantage of the schools and will only make education a more lucrative business. The question remains. Will the new system assure graduates of employment after graduation? If not, the DepEd should instead enhance what we already have and not add to the burden of education. (Malou, 2010) K-12 will give more job opportunities to high school graduates. It will make more globally competitive Filipino students and it will maximize their time on choosing their career base on their ability. (Jennifer, 2011) It’s a given fact that the Aquino administration has good intentions in implementing this K-12 plan. But no matter how good these intentions are, there would still be parts of the society who would give them a hard time making this education amendment. Sadly, the Philippine education system is far behind other countries’. If this K-12 plan would push through, help the concerned parties have that optimism that this would bring our education system a few notches higher. Make everybody realize that yes, we do have quality education here and we are able to produce skillful, well-rounded, and competent young citizens. Chapter 3 CONCLUSION With all the issues that the K-12 Program is facing, it is important that we Filipinos keep faith in our ability to find solutions despite various constraints. It is a timely move of our government to come up with such a reform. Filipinos are known to be competitive in the international community. While this may be true, our current education system hinders us in becoming more competitive among other countries. The K- 12 education plan offers a great solution to that problem. However, it is undeniable that there seems to be problems arising as we implement the program such as lack of government budget, classrooms and school supplies as well as the teachers. But, if we focus on the long- term effect of K- 12, we can conclude that it is very beneficial to us Filipinos. It has the best intentions and that is for the enhancement of the youth, making them locally and globally competitive. Therefore, we must have the strong will in supporting K- 12 Educational Plan for the betterment of our education system and economy. Remember, if we want change in our society, we must start it with our education system. Parents must not think of the financial crisis it might bring their family but must focus on the positive outcome it would  bring their children. There is no impossible when we Filipinos persevere. Setbacks cannot be avoided, but these are not insurmountable dilemmas that innovative Filipinos cannot overcome. If the students will give their all in their studies and competent teachers will equip them with the necessary instructions, then surely, the program will succeed together with realization of all its aims. Change is inevitable, and t he change for the better must be accepted and be supported rather than opposed. TABLE OF CONTENTS I: Introduction II: Body III: Conclusion

Marketing Plan: Product and Performance Essay

Executive Summary Mobility, latest trends and technologies are three most significant factors that customer seek today when they walk-in in an electronic item’s outlet. Years before the journey of technology started out from the calculator the most basic computer as we call it. Today that technology has emerged and the most latest is PDA (Personal Digital System), full computer in a small device to perform all of the tasks. New Nokia Mobile phone has all the features of a desktop computer, no need of a laptop. The phone is easy to carry, manages schedules, and can perform all the business related tasks. The size itself has become important apart from mobility. The concept that we are launching is of a radio and music player which is latest in the sense that you can wear it as a fashion accessory. Radio is considered to be one of the most important media apart from television and internet. The major source in use during cricket matches, exercising in the morning and during traveling for work or school. 73% of college going women (18-25) years of age surveyed tune into radio, although the channel loyalty is not there. The most frequent listening occurs after dinner time. This is different from male radio listeners as the FM channels are replacing cassettes as a music source while driving, other survey shows that one of the popular source of music are the FM stations, FM 89, 91 and 106.20 are extremely popular within the target market. The major target market for our product is the age between 15 and 26. According to the statistics, 30 million Pakistanis are aged between 15 and 24. Considered in the context of total population (approx. 180 million), 16.667% of Pakistanis are young. Statistics shows that 60% of population is under 25 that is 2/3rd and nearly 10 million are in the urban areas. GEN X and GEN Y is the most experienced  and accessed generation in the human history. This generation is the technologically accessorized generation, with everything hanging from their clothes, from cell phones to CD players, and computers are a way of life. This is a branded generation, brand names, association with the great life and other symbols are important. The emerging concept of brand association amongst teens and adults, and awareness will make our product more appealing to the customers. Our Primary objective is to achieve get our product recognized and make the consumers to get performance of the product way better than their expectations. Our Secondary objective is to make good profits and make more products like this with working hand in hand with the fashion and our way would be walking from earrings to necklaces, bracelets and other fashion accessories. Marketing Research Methods of Data collection: Basically there are two methods of data collection: 1) Primary Data 2) Secondary Data Primary Data Collection: Primary Data is that data which is collected specifically for the project at hand. The primary data for our assignment resulted from the unstructured interviews that we conducted from different friends and family members and also many strangers. Secondary Data Collection: Secondary Data is that data, which has already been collected for some other purpose but can be used as reference material. The secondary data for our assignment came from the internet, newspapers and magazines. Current Market Situation: The current market situation is that from the cheapest of phones to the most expensive, every smart phone has at least a radio in it that works from earphones that do the job of an antenna or the smart phones carry wireless radio connectivity. Other than that most phones have music players. In such a market where mobile phones are treated as a necessity from quite a long while we’d enter with a product that has a lot of internal memory, long batter and works hand in hand with the fashion. In other words, the market we are making is new where fashion and technology work together but a relatively alike market of mobile phones has a situation that cares more about apps and memory than on radio and/or music player. So, we are going to come in with focus on music players and radios that would even make consumers look different by the fashion of earring they’d carry. A new market but has links with the standing strong market of mobile phones. The Product Introduction of product: Now days, mobility is becoming an important factor in electronic devices. The concept that we are launching is of an earring radio and music player which is latest in the sense that you can wear it as a fashion accessory. We are  launching it under the brand name LAPCA. Radio is considered to be one of the most important media apart from television and internet. The major source in use during cricket matches, exercising in the morning and during traveling for work or school. Technical and Functional Aspect of the Product: This product would be an earpiece connected to a player that would be smaller than a phone. Both the devices would be connected via Bluetooth. Their range of connectivity would vary to more than 20 square meter so the consumer doesn’t need to keep the device near and playlist functions would increase the ability of product to play songs as per the mood of the consumer. Reason of using earrings with the wireless earpiece is to make the product easier for people to wear and increase the range of our target market. People would not need to get their ears pierced to wear earrings and we bring music player and radio attached to such a small earpiece that would not be noticed much (like the other offerings of attached Bluetooth earphones that appear too large). Objectives and issues: Increase the profits by at least 10% in the first year of the launch. Issue: How to increase the awareness amongst customers about this product? To create 10% market share for the product and to work to improve it further. Issue: What measure to take to identify the potential customers of the product in the market? To identify 5 potential outlets where to place the product initially. Issue: How to identify the potential outlets? Mission statement: â€Å"We are the followers of the latest trend we strongly believe that fashion develops, we provide the best and quality is never compromised. Technological flexibility and innovation are the key factors that we emphasize on while shaping a solution for our customers.† Vision statement: â€Å"Innovation† Our product Oriented Definition: â€Å"We manufacture earrings radio with music player† Our Market Oriented Definition: â€Å"To the trendy and tetchy, Moby X is the radio and music player that provides mobility and a perfect blend of fashion and technology that makes you feels different and latest than others.† Target Market Moby X will form a major share of its market amongst those people who are attracted towards the product with exclusive appearance, unique functionality, style and design. We will market our product through multiple segment strategy, as we are be targeting GEN X and GEN Y belonging to upper class and upper middle class of our society. Through multiple marketing, Moby X can achieve market position as because it is a product which provides mobility, style and fulfills the needs of the consumers. Moby X is a part of the most reliable and trusted technologies belonging to LAPCO which is using Japanese latest technology in it which would further strengthens the reputation it would acquire. Now days, there is a growing trend of adopting the inimitable style which people will definitely feel after purchasing the product. The mini chip radio and music player in the earrings itself is fascinating and will communicate on its own towards the people who are engrossed through mini products. Positioning †¢Product Positioning: Moby X would provide higher frequency range compared to other radios available in the market, will have a long lasting battery and the most important advantage that our product provides is the mix of fashion and technology that forms our distinctive attribute. Value Proposition: Moby X is a better quality product providing distinctive feature and being a leader makes it more special and different from other competing products.  LAPCO using latest Japanese technologies is most reliable and durable. Market Positioning: Moby X has been positioned in the customers mind as a part of their lifestyle it impeccable suited their personality. It has positioned on the following grounds: Made for you exclusively Lifestyle and technology Earrings with variety of colors and design Fine-looking wrapping and easy to carry Statement: â€Å"Enjoy with Style† †¢ Characteristics affecting Adoption: †¢ Relative Advantage: The first of its kind is being introduced in the market; the concept itself will attract the customer. †¢ Compatibility: Moby X higher range of frequency will make it easier to add channel and thus more value to the product. Secondly, memory of 20GB to carry your songs and making of playlists. †¢ Complexity: Moby X is easy to use and the demo CD provided with the product provides the proper guide and features to use the product. †¢ Divisibility: Moby X is an expensive product and initially no discounted rates can be offered. †¢ Communicability: The experience that customers take with them will make its use and difference spread amongst customers. Market Analysis Basis of Segmentation Demographic segmentation: Demographics refer to the characteristics of population including such factors as size, distribution and growth, because people constitute market, demographics are of special interest to market executives. Age: Our product caters to women ranging from age 15-26 yrs old. Moreover, through our advertisements we have portrayed an active woman who is working out or busy in kitchen chores. Occupation: Moby X targets women belonging to each and every type of occupation whether it is a housewife, student and working women. Income: Our product Moby X caters to upper class and upper middle class. Any one lying in the income bracket of Rs 50,000+ can afford this product Psychographic Segmentation: The psychographics of the Moby X can be analyzed by reviewing the advertisement. The lifestyle shown in Moby X advertisements portray successful, sophisticated, professional women who are active energetic and full of life. Behavioral Segmentation: Under this aspect LAPCO Company has based their segmentation on the basis of customer desired benefits. People would prefer buying our product because it’s the first ever product to be launched by LAPCO with radio and music player facility which is easy to use, and more over its attractive mix of not only radio and music player but also as a fashion accessory. SWOT Analysis Strengthens Being first of its kind to be launched in the market The smaller size The mobility The attractive package and demo included in the gadget The exquisite location of electronic gadget’s outlets in different malls Easy to use In accordance with the latest fashion Attractive mix of radio and music player hand in hand as a fashion accessory Japanese technology, one of the most reliable manufactures Weakness Limited warranty Requires proper maintenance Batteries are to be charged according to usage level thus requires cost to keep the gadget working Opportunities The customers are fond of accessories which can help extend our accessories from earrings to rings, bracelets and necklace Hearing radio can replace the care tapes as being mobile and fashionable in nature Being a new product creating a new market the competition is minimized to a great extent The distinctive attributes will outweigh the element of high price The opening of the new malls throughout the country with better electronic outlets will provide a better location to display the gadget There is an opportunity for line extension New technology is in its growing stage which helps attract customers with its distinctive attributes The interests of teenagers in acquiring latest technology will further increase the market share Computer system placed at the electronic outlets could help provide free demos of the product at the outlet A survey at the outlet about the buying experience of the product and after sale experience can help make the product more effective and increased customer satisfaction The smaller size and mobility if appreciated could provide line extension for the product Threats The electronic market is still under developed in Pakistan The fluctuating electronic and political conditions of the country can hinder the sale of the product Less awareness amongst the public about the electronic items The training of sales person for the product Competitors can come up with a similar and better product before our product is established The higher price of the product could lead to duplicate products in the market The health conscious people could resist the product The fashion conscious people may not take the initiative to buy the product The analytical buyer Marketing Environments (PEST ANALYSIS) Political: The fluctuating political environment in the country can be dangerous. Since the product being developed is manufactured in another country the support of the government is required to keep the government conditions in import and export stable and to strengthen relationships with the other country to grow the business further. Economical: The product that is being launched is an expensive product the economic conditions will determine the national income or the buying power of the consumer which indirectly will determine whether the people would be willing on the products that are not part of their basic needs. Social: Since the product is an earring radio and music player which would be fixed in an earring placed quite close to the ear can be considered as dangerous for the ear. Proper awareness about the product and the setting of the frequencies accordingly so not to affect the ear would have to be justified to the people. Technological: Pakistan is developing technologically and further awareness and development will assist in improving the product’s functionality. Competitor Assessment COMPETITOR ANALYSIS Moby X is competing in portable media industry. Major Competitors: Our major competitors are all those manufacturers who are specialized in and dealing with microelectronic items, who believe in size and design of product with quality. Moby X direct competitors are small radios (ear piece) and mp3 players that can fit in ear easily. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Moby X is not just a FM radio with music player but it is also a blend of fashion and technology. Long lasting Japanese battery gives it an edge over other mini radios and music players that have maximum life of 2-48 hours on continuous use. Providing maximum FM band range from 87-108 MHz among its competitors who offer mini radios with FM band 88-108 MHz Furthermore, adding value to the music player with 20GB built-in memory which wouldn’t look small for at least 10-15 years from now. COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES Differentiation: Moby X is an innovation in the arena of radios and all kinds of music players. It gives connectivity to the outside world in a way that adds value and beauty to the face. Focus: Moby X is designed especially for upper middle class and upper class urban population including GEN X AND GEN Y, fashion followers and trend setters. COMPETITIVE POSITION Multiple Markets: We are following the multiple market strategy for Moby X by focusing more towards the upper class and upper middle class of the society. Channel and logistic A value delivery network is made up of the company, suppliers, distributors and ultimately customers. Here will be a layer of intermediaries that will perform work in bringing our product and its ownership closer to the final buyer. For our earring radio and music player we will have both a direct and indirect marketing channel. We will have a customer marketing channel. Since our product is new we need to do personal selling and convince consumers to buy our product. Then eventually as we gain a foot hold in the market we will have retailers selling our product. Marketing Strategy MARKETING MIX PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION: Moby X is broadly classified as consumer product and under this category we define it as a specialty product because it is a perfect mix of style and technology. It involves strong brand preference and loyalty, special purchase efforts by consumers, little comparison of brands and low price sensitivity. LEVELS OF PRODUCT Core Product Moby X provides a solution to its users that connect them to the global world and at the same time add value to their beauty. It is smallest in size but greater in quality and style that’s what the consumers want. Actual Product Moby X, an earring radio and a music player. Augmented Product Customers are provided with the free demos of the product on computer system installed at the outlets and for further understanding, instruction booklet is also provided with Moby X. It includes 3 years’ money back warranty and a pair of fabulous earrings along with the product. Customers are encouraged to share their views about the buying experience of the product and after sale experience through surveys conducted at the outlets. An exclusive website is designed to cater its customers for solving all  their queries regarding the product. Online purchasing service is also available. PRODUCT COMPOSITION Product Quality: Moby X works great, everywhere in the world, under brand name LAPCO using Japanese microchip technology and providing the FM band from 87 to 108 MHz’s Stereo-sound is really excellent plus 3-years money back warranty is also given. Product Features: Push-button Auto Seek Microchip Technology so you can immediately and perfectly tune in stations (Automatic FM Tuning). Provides high quality stereo sound. Long last Japanese battery included. 3 years (Limited) Warranty. Size – (1/3x 1/3 x 3/8) mm is the size of radio chip. 30 x 20 x 5 mm is the size of the earring. Weight – 1/2 oz is the weight of the earring radio. Ideal for use in parties, sports, travels, hiking, working, Jogging, bike riding, boating, fishing, picnics, reading, camping, skate boarding, gift giving, foot and vehicle surveillance, to pass the time while waiting for subject, anywhere, everywhere, in the form of earring as simple microchip (radio). A music player memory of 20GB built-in. Product Style and Design: It comes in many splendid colors with different style for female. It is designed in a way so as to increase portability. BRANDING Brand Equity: Moby X will establish it with the passage of time because of its good quality and better understanding of customer needs. Brand Name Selection: Moby X is selected as the brand name because it defines the mobility and easy to carry feature of the product and X signifies the extra factor that we  provide to our customers in the form of earrings (fashion accessory). Brand Sponsorship: LAPCO is manufacturer’s brand. Brand Development: No extension. Packaging: Moby X comes in a square and heart shaped gift box. Labeling: All the important information is mentioned on the label. The label contains the name of the product, name of the manufacturer and distributors, warranty limit, warnings, guidelines on usage. Product Support: A booklet on guidelines regarding the product is provided with Moby X. Free demo CD is also given. Product Mix: Initially Moby X is introduced in the form of earring but with the passage of time it will offer in other versions also like in the form of bracelets, rings, and lockets. Product Life Cycle: Our product is at the introductory stage of product life cycle stage. PRICE Marketing Objectives: â€Å"To create a market share and to stand out as distinct product amongst the other competitors† Marketing Mix Strategy: The price has been decided based on the competitors and customer needs and requirements. The price is aligned with other marketing mix covering the promotion, placement and product. Cost: The organization has tried to achieve economies of scale but not the cost of quality. The cost is being monitored and is kept to a minimum by choosing the best deals given by the supplier and managing the cost accordingly. Organizational Considerations: The price set has been influenced by different functions of the organization including the finance, manufacturer, sales and marketing and the higher  management. PRODUCT PRICING STRATEGY Comparing competitor’s pricing CompetitorPrice Sinclair XI Button RadioRs. 2304.93 FM Mini Radios Rs.719.44 ZI AM Radio Rs. 8405 Tiny FM Radios (China Toy Factory Inc)Rs.1200 Mini Mp3sRs. 1500 (starting from) Competition Based Pricing: We are following the growing rate pricing according to which we fix our price after considering all the factors as to Rs. 3500. PLACEMENT The product would be sold through â€Å"Indirect Marketing Intermediary†. The product will be sold through push strategy that is product would be first distributed to the wholesalers and then to retailer. The retailers would assist in creating contact with the other retailers which would expand the network and add value. PROMOTION Moby X being a new product in the market would require intensive advertising. The positioning and the idea behind the brand selection would be used as a basis for advertisements and the advertisements would be informative. ADVERTISING Radio: Radio FM channels would be able to attract the major cream who could use our product and create a positive word of mouth for others. Since they being the regular radio listeners would be excited to use this product as they could carry the radio with them. Newspaper: Moby X is an expensive and new product. There is need to create awareness amongst people that such a product exists. ‘Dawn’ newspaper would be a better choice to advertise being one for the most popular newspapers in Pakistan. A full page would be dedicated to advertise the product providing  a detail know how of the features and distinctive attributes. Apart from ‘Dawn’ the other newspaper that the product would be advertised in are ‘The News’ and ‘Daily Times’. Magazines: Moby X being a technology product it would be advertised in magazines as ‘SHE’ a leading magazine. Another magazine that is famous amongst out major target segment the teens is ‘Young Times’. It is Dubai based magazine is especially for kids. Since it is a fashion product also magazines like SHE, STYLE, SYNERGYZER and MAG would also be used to advertise the product. Billboards: The locations where we have decided to place our advertisements are all the upper class areas in the populated cities of Pakistan. For instance the major areas identified all the other malls where luxury electronic item’s outlets are available advertising would be done by placing billboards. In Karachi, at Teen Talwar, Boat Basin, Shahrah – e – Faisal and other markets like Tariq road, Saddar Mobile mall and the road that leads to Jinnah International Airport. Television: The few major channels as HUM TV and GEO TV will be given the task to advertise the product. Websites: Msn.com/Click on line a website providing information regarding new technologies, funmaza.com a famous website viewed by most of the Pakistanis and Apniisp.com that offers all the latest songs. Sales Promotion: One free pair of earring apart from the one already provided in the package would be given with the product. Public relations: Brochures providing details of the safety of using the product would be distributed in public places. Articles about the working and flexibility in use would be published in a leading magazine to inform the public about the safety in using this product. Action Programs July: We will launch a sales promotion campaign in Karachi city which should be estimated at around RS. 2 Million. During this period our aim is to make the consumers aware of the product through excessive adverts it is  essential for us to educate our dealers and consumers properly. Our main awareness campaigns will be concentrated toward the television and internet it will fix in a relatively low and economical budget. August: Increase our relative market share and launch our product in other major cities of Pakistan i.e. Lahore, Islamabad. September: We will start an integrated internet campaign targeting young college students. The campaign will show the functions of Mob X. This campaign will be supported by online ads. October: We will hold a trade sales contest offering bonus to retailers who sells the most Moby X during one month period. November: We will be launching our online store that will enable us to make direct sale with customer. Anyone can place an order via email and we will deliver the product at the given address and payment on delivery. Furthermore, customization over earring designs would be launched. December: We will look forward to enter the international market and depending on the situation we face at that time we will alter our marketing strategies. Implementation and Control Plan Goals: After the launch we will look out the awareness and recognition of Moby X among the target customer. The targeted sales, profits, availability and elevated market share are also major parts contributing towards achieving our goals. Performance: Measure the performance and activities of the outlets, their interactions with our target customers. We will measure the performance by setting different tests after the first launch of Moby X. Tests will be encompassed of surveys, personal interviews, focus groups and via e-mails. Evaluation: The results of the surveys, mails and others will be then synchronized for the evaluations. Evaluation is conducted to identify the gap between the expected and actual performance. Corrective Actions: This is the last control which is set and applied if there is a difference amongst the expected and actual performance Moby X and we then otherwise will take the corrective actions to close the gap. Contingency Plan We have launched this earring radio and music player under the brand name LAPCO so value and prestige is associated with this product. We have used the latest Japanese Technology in our product through which frequency and signal of radio can be cached easily. But the problem can occur in our product is that at some places user might not find tune into radio and their might be some problem in signal catching. To combat with this problem, we have used the latest Japanese technology as stated before and will use more advanced technology in our product in future in order to satisfy our customers and provide them with a delight of getting to hear news and be updated in an area where most signals don’t even work.

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